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Dexamethasone Uses, Dosage, Side Effects & Warnings | DrugsAtlas

Authoritative Clinical Reference

Therapeutic Class

Corticosteroid

Subclass

Glucocorticoid (Long-acting, High Potency)

Speciality

Endocrinology

Schedule (India)

Schedule H

Routes

Oral, Intravenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), Topical, Ophthalmic, Intra-articular

Formulations

Tablets: 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg, 4 mg
Injection: 4 mg/mL (1 mL, 2 mL ampoules), 8 mg/2 mL
Eye drops: 0.1% (5 mL, 10 mL)
Eye ointment: 0.1%
Topical cream/ointment: 0.05%, 0.1%
Inhalation solution/Respules: Limited availability in India

Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs) Available:

Dexamethasone + Neomycin + Polymyxin B (ophthalmic)
Dexamethasone + Chloramphenicol (ophthalmic)
Dexamethasone + Ciprofloxacin (ophthalmic/otic)
Dexamethasone + Clotrimazole (topical)

Adult indications

INDICATIONS + DOSING — FOR CLINICIAN USE ONLY

Primary Indications (Approved / Standard in India)

1. COVID-19 (Hospitalised Patients Requiring Supplemental Oxygen)

Per ICMR/AIIMS COVID-19 Management Guidelines

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	6 mg IV or oral once daily
Titration	Not applicable — fixed dose regimen
Usual maintenance dose	6 mg once daily
Maximum dose	6 mg/day

Duration: 5–10 days (up to 10 days or until discharge, whichever is earlier)

Clinical Notes:

Proven mortality benefit in RECOVERY trial; endorsed by ICMR and AIIMS
Use ONLY in patients requiring oxygen (SpO2 <94% on room air) or on ventilatory support
Do NOT use in mild COVID-19 without hypoxia — may worsen outcomes
May be given IV initially, switching to oral when stable
Monitor for secondary infections, hyperglycaemia

2. Cerebral Oedema (Associated with Brain Tumours, CNS Infections, Head Injury)

Loading Dose:

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	10 mg IV stat (or 8–12 mg)
Titration	Not applicable for loading

Maintenance:

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	4 mg IV every 6 hours
Titration	Taper based on clinical response once oedema controlled
Usual maintenance dose	4 mg IV/oral every 6–8 hours
Maximum dose	24 mg/day (higher doses rarely needed)

Duration: 5–14 days depending on aetiology; taper over 5–7 days once improvement noted

Clinical Notes:

Effective for vasogenic oedema (tumours, infections); less effective for cytotoxic oedema (stroke)
Begin taper as soon as clinically feasible to minimise steroid adverse effects
Switch to oral route when patient able to take orally
For bacterial meningitis: see specific dosing under indications

3. Acute Asthma Exacerbation / Severe COPD Exacerbation

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	4–8 mg IV/IM every 8–12 hours
Titration	Not applicable — short-term use
Usual maintenance dose	4–8 mg IV/IM twice daily initially; then 4 mg oral once or twice daily
Maximum dose	16 mg/day

Duration: IV for 48–72 hours; oral switch and taper over 5–7 days

Clinical Notes:

Prednisolone 40–50 mg/day oral often preferred for asthma exacerbations (more evidence)
Dexamethasone useful when IV route required or patient cannot swallow
Equivalent anti-inflammatory dose: 6 mg dexamethasone ≈ 40 mg prednisolone
No taper needed if course ≤5 days

4. Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV) — Prophylaxis and Treatment

High Emetogenic Chemotherapy (HEC):

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	12–20 mg IV/oral before chemotherapy (Day 1)
Titration	Not applicable
Usual maintenance dose	8 mg oral once or twice daily (Days 2–4)
Maximum dose	20 mg on Day 1; 8 mg twice daily on subsequent days

Moderate Emetogenic Chemotherapy (MEC):

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	8–12 mg IV/oral before chemotherapy
Titration	Not applicable
Usual maintenance dose	4–8 mg oral once daily (Days 2–3)
Maximum dose	12 mg/day

Clinical Notes:

Use in combination with 5-HT3 antagonists (ondansetron) ± NK1 antagonists (aprepitant)
Single-dose regimens may be sufficient for some protocols
Pre-medication typically given 30–60 minutes before chemotherapy

5. Allergic and Inflammatory Conditions (Severe Acute Reactions)

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	4–8 mg IV/IM/oral
Titration	Reduce dose as symptoms improve
Usual maintenance dose	0.5–4 mg/day oral (if maintenance needed)
Maximum dose	16 mg/day for acute phase

Clinical Notes:

For anaphylaxis: dexamethasone is adjunctive (NOT a substitute for adrenaline)
For severe allergic reactions not requiring adrenaline: useful for preventing biphasic reactions
Short courses (3–5 days) generally do not require taper

6. Adrenal Insufficiency (Replacement Therapy — Alternative to Hydrocortisone)

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	0.5–0.75 mg orally once daily (morning)
Titration	Adjust based on symptoms and clinical response
Usual maintenance dose	0.5–0.75 mg once daily
Maximum dose	1.5 mg/day (equivalent to physiological replacement)

Clinical Notes:

Hydrocortisone (15–25 mg/day in divided doses) is preferred for physiological replacement
Dexamethasone lacks significant mineralocorticoid activity — add fludrocortisone if salt-wasting form
Long half-life allows once-daily dosing
Monitor for Cushingoid features if dose excessive

7. Bacterial Meningitis (Adjunctive Therapy)

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	0.15 mg/kg IV every 6 hours (adult equivalent: ~10 mg IV every 6 hours)
Titration	Not applicable
Usual maintenance dose	0.15 mg/kg IV every 6 hours
Maximum dose	10 mg IV every 6 hours

Duration: 4 days (start before or with first dose of antibiotics)

Clinical Notes:

Best evidence for Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis
Must be given BEFORE or WITH first antibiotic dose for maximum benefit (reduces mortality and neurological sequelae)
Benefit uncertain if given after antibiotics already started
Per AIIMS and ICMR meningitis protocols

Secondary Indications – Adults (Off-label)

Indication	Dose	Duration	Supervision	Evidence Basis
Acute Spinal Cord Compression (Malignant) (OFF-LABEL)	Loading: 10–16 mg IV; Maintenance: 4–8 mg IV/oral every 6 hours	Until definitive treatment (surgery/radiotherapy); then taper	Specialist only (Oncology/Neurosurgery)	Indian oncology practice; reduces oedema and may improve neurological function temporarily
ARDS (Non-COVID) (OFF-LABEL)	20 mg IV on Day 1, then 10 mg IV daily for Days 2–5, then taper	10–14 days total with taper	Specialist only (Critical Care)	DEXA-ARDS trial; reduces mortality and ventilator days; Indian ICU practice
Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) — First-line (OFF-LABEL)	40 mg oral once daily for 4 days; cycles may be repeated	4-day pulses; repeat PRN	Specialist only (Haematology)	High response rate; alternative to prednisolone; Indian haematology practice
Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia (AIHA) (OFF-LABEL)	0.5–1 mg/kg/day oral (equivalent prednisolone dose often used)	Weeks to months; taper based on response	Specialist only (Haematology)	Indian haematology practice
Multiple Myeloma (as part of chemotherapy regimen) (OFF-LABEL)	20–40 mg oral weekly or per protocol (e.g., VRd, Rd)	Per chemotherapy protocol	Specialist only (Oncology)	Standard component of myeloma regimens
Antenatal Corticosteroid for Fetal Lung Maturation (OFF-LABEL)	6 mg IM every 12 hours × 4 doses (total 24 mg)	Single course (4 doses over 48 hours)	Specialist only (Obstetrics)	RCOG/WHO recommendations; used when betamethasone unavailable; Indian obstetric practice

Paediatric indications

PAEDIATRIC DOSING (Specialist Only)

⚠️ Steroid use in neonates should be under specialist supervision only due to risks of neurodevelopmental effects, infections, and adrenal suppression.

Primary Indications

1. Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	0.15–0.6 mg/kg oral/IM as single dose
Titration	Not applicable — single dose usually sufficient
Usual maintenance dose	Not applicable
Maximum dose	12 mg (single dose)

Clinical Notes:

Single dose highly effective; repeat dosing rarely needed
0.6 mg/kg is standard dose in most IAP/Indian protocols
If unable to tolerate oral: give IM or use nebulised budesonide as alternative
Onset of action: 1–2 hours; may use nebulised adrenaline for immediate relief in severe cases

2. Acute Severe Asthma / Bronchospasm

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	0.15–0.3 mg/kg IV/IM/oral
Titration	Not applicable for acute use
Usual maintenance dose	0.15–0.3 mg/kg/day in 1–2 divided doses
Maximum dose	6 mg/dose; 12 mg/day

Duration: 3–5 days; no taper needed for short course

Clinical Notes:

Prednisolone 1–2 mg/kg/day oral often preferred (more paediatric data)
Dexamethasone useful when IV required or if vomiting
Single-dose or 2-day dexamethasone regimens increasingly used for acute asthma

3. Bacterial Meningitis (Adjunctive)

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	0.15 mg/kg IV
Titration	Not applicable
Usual maintenance dose	0.15 mg/kg IV every 6 hours
Maximum dose	10 mg every 6 hours (adult equivalent)

Duration: 4 days; give before or with first antibiotic dose

Clinical Notes:

Start BEFORE or WITH first antibiotic dose — delayed administration reduces benefit
Best evidence for S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type b meningitis
Per IAP and ICMR guidelines

4. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) — Replacement Therapy

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	0.25–0.5 mg/m²/day oral in 1–2 divided doses
Titration	Adjust based on 17-OHP levels, growth, bone age
Usual maintenance dose	0.25–0.5 mg/m²/day
Maximum dose	Individualised; avoid over-replacement

Clinical Notes:

Hydrocortisone preferred in growing children (less growth-suppressive)
Dexamethasone may be used in post-pubertal patients or those with poor compliance (once-daily dosing)
Add fludrocortisone if salt-wasting form
Specialist (Paediatric Endocrinology) supervision mandatory

5. Chemotherapy Protocols (Leukaemia, Lymphoma)

Parameter	Dose
Starting dose	Protocol-specific (typically 6–10 mg/m²/day)
Titration	Per protocol
Usual maintenance dose	Protocol-specific
Maximum dose	Protocol-specific (may exceed usual limits)

Clinical Notes:

Used in induction, consolidation phases of ALL protocols
Specialist (Paediatric Oncology) supervision mandatory
Monitor for hyperglycaemia, infections, mood changes, myopathy

Age-Based Dosing Reference (Croup/Asthma):

Age/Weight	Single Dose (Croup)	Asthma Dose (Daily)
6–12 months	1–2 mg	1–1.5 mg/day
1–2 years	2–3 mg	1.5–2 mg/day
2–5 years	3–4 mg	2–3 mg/day
6–12 years	4–8 mg	3–6 mg/day
>12 years	8–12 mg	6 mg/day

Secondary Indications – Paediatrics (Off-label)

Indication	Age	Dose	Duration	Supervision	Evidence Basis
Antiemetic for Chemotherapy (OFF-LABEL)	≥1 year	4–8 mg/m² IV before chemotherapy; 2–4 mg/m² oral for 2–3 days	Per chemotherapy cycle	Specialist only (Paediatric Oncology)	Standard paediatric oncology practice
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) — Induction (OFF-LABEL)	Any age	6–10 mg/m²/day in divided doses as per protocol	28-day induction cycle	Specialist only (Paediatric Oncology)	Standard ALL protocols (BFM, COG)

Safety Monitoring (All Paediatric Use):

Growth velocity and height percentile (long-term use)
Blood glucose (especially during acute illness or high-dose therapy)
Blood pressure
Signs of infection (fever may be masked)
Behavioural changes, mood disturbance
Bone density (if prolonged use)
Ophthalmologic examination (cataracts, glaucoma with chronic use)
Adrenal function before discontinuation if >2 weeks use

Age Restrictions:

Neonates: Avoid unless under neonatology/endocrinology specialist supervision
Use in infants <6 months should be carefully justified

Renal Adjustments

No dose adjustment required in renal impairment.

Renal Function	Recommendation
All eGFR levels	No dose adjustment required
Haemodialysis	No supplemental dose required; not significantly dialysed
Peritoneal Dialysis	No dose adjustment required

Note: Monitor for fluid retention and electrolyte disturbances (hypokalaemia) in patients with renal impairment on long-term therapy.

Hepatic adjustment

Contraindications

Known hypersensitivity to dexamethasone or any corticosteroid
Systemic fungal infections (unless being treated with specific antifungals)
Cerebral malaria (may worsen outcome)
Administration of live or live-attenuated vaccines during immunosuppressive doses
Untreated systemic bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections (unless corticosteroid is part of treatment protocol)
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (IM injection contraindicated)
Herpes simplex keratitis (for ophthalmic use)

Cautions

Diabetes mellitus — may significantly worsen glycaemic control; monitor blood glucose
Hypertension — may exacerbate; monitor BP
Heart failure — fluid retention may worsen symptoms
Osteoporosis or risk factors for bone loss — consider bone protection if prolonged use
Peptic ulcer disease or history of GI bleeding — increased risk of GI complications
Psychiatric disorders (depression, psychosis, mania) — may precipitate or exacerbate
Glaucoma — may increase intraocular pressure
Myasthenia gravis — initial worsening possible before improvement
Thyroid disorders — may alter thyroid function tests
Active or latent tuberculosis — may reactivate; screen before prolonged use
Strongyloides infection risk (endemic areas/immigrants) — screen before high-dose steroids
Concurrent anticoagulant therapy — increased bleeding risk
Recent myocardial infarction — myocardial rupture reported
Immunocompromised patients — increased infection risk
Children — growth suppression with prolonged use
Abrupt withdrawal after prolonged use — risk of adrenal crisis

Pregnancy

Parameter	Information
Overall Safety	Use only if benefit outweighs risk; crosses placenta
Risk	First trimester: possible slight increase in orofacial cleft risk (data inconclusive); later pregnancy: generally well-tolerated short courses
Preferred Alternatives	Prednisolone or prednisone preferred for long-term use (greater placental metabolism, less fetal exposure)
Specific Indication	Fetal lung maturation (24–34 weeks): 6 mg IM every 12 hours × 4 doses; alternative to betamethasone
When Use May Be Justified	Severe maternal illness (asthma, ARDS, COVID-19); fetal lung maturation; obstetric specialist supervision
Monitoring	Maternal: blood glucose, BP, signs of infection; Fetal: growth if chronic exposure; Neonatal: glucose, adrenal function after maternal exposure

Lactation

Parameter	Information
Compatibility	Generally compatible with breastfeeding for short courses
Expected Drug Level in Milk	Low (corticosteroids present in small amounts)
Risk to Infant	Minimal with short-term maternal use; theoretical risk of adrenal suppression with high-dose prolonged exposure
Preferred Alternatives	Prednisolone may be preferred (more data; greater maternal metabolism)
Infant Monitoring	Growth, feeding, signs of adrenal insufficiency (rare) with prolonged high-dose maternal therapy
Recommendation	Short courses acceptable; for prolonged high-dose use, consider alternatives or monitor infant

Elderly

Parameter	Recommendation
Starting dose	Use lowest effective dose (typically lower end of dose range)
Titration	Slower titration and taper; elderly more susceptible to adverse effects
Increased Risks	Osteoporosis and fractures; hyperglycaemia and new-onset diabetes; hypertension; fluid retention and heart failure exacerbation; infections (including reactivation TB); delirium and psychiatric disturbance; GI bleeding (especially with NSAIDs); myopathy; cataracts; skin fragility
Additional Precautions	Consider bone protection (calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonate) for courses >3 months; monitor glucose; use PPI if GI risk factors; avoid NSAIDs if possible

Major drug interactions

Interacting Drug	Mechanism	Effect	Management
Rifampicin, Rifabutin	Strong CYP3A4 induction	Significantly reduced dexamethasone levels and efficacy (may need 2–3× dose)	Increase dexamethasone dose; monitor clinical response; consider alternative steroid
Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital	CYP3A4 induction	Reduced dexamethasone efficacy	May need dose increase; monitor response
Ketoconazole, Itraconazole	CYP3A4 inhibition	Increased dexamethasone levels and toxicity	Use with caution; monitor for steroid adverse effects; reduce dose if necessary
Ritonavir, Cobicistat	Strong CYP3A4 inhibition	Markedly increased dexamethasone exposure; Cushing syndrome risk	Avoid if possible; if essential, reduce dexamethasone dose significantly; monitor closely
Live Vaccines (BCG, OPV, MMR, Varicella, Yellow Fever)	Immunosuppression	Risk of disseminated vaccine infection	Avoid live vaccines during high-dose immunosuppressive therapy and for 3 months after
NSAIDs	Additive GI toxicity	Significantly increased risk of peptic ulceration and GI bleeding	Avoid combination if possible; if essential, co-prescribe PPI; monitor for GI symptoms
Warfarin and other Vitamin K Antagonists	Unclear mechanism; variable effect on INR	May increase or decrease anticoagulant effect	Monitor INR closely when starting, stopping, or changing dexamethasone dose

Moderate drug interactions

Interacting Drug	Effect	Management
Insulin, Oral Antidiabetics	Corticosteroids antagonise glucose-lowering effect	Monitor blood glucose frequently; adjust antidiabetic doses as needed
Antihypertensives	Corticosteroids may reduce efficacy (fluid retention, vasoconstriction)	Monitor BP; may need antihypertensive dose adjustment
Diuretics (Thiazides, Loop)	Additive hypokalaemia	Monitor potassium; supplement if needed
Digoxin	Steroid-induced hypokalaemia may increase digoxin toxicity	Monitor potassium and digoxin levels
Amphotericin B	Additive hypokalaemia	Monitor potassium closely; supplement as needed
Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin)	Increased risk of tendon rupture	Use with caution; advise patient to report tendon pain
Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus	Mutual inhibition of metabolism; possible additive immunosuppression	Monitor drug levels; watch for toxicity of both agents
Aspirin (Anti-inflammatory doses)	Additive GI bleeding risk; steroids may increase aspirin clearance	Co-prescribe PPI; monitor for GI symptoms; may need aspirin dose adjustment
Oestrogens / Oral Contraceptives	May increase corticosteroid effect (reduced clearance)	Monitor for steroid adverse effects
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (Pancuronium, Vecuronium)	May enhance or prolong neuromuscular blockade	Use with caution in ICU setting

Common Adverse effects

Short-term Use (<2 weeks):

Hyperglycaemia
Insomnia
Increased appetite, weight gain
Mood changes (euphoria, irritability, anxiety)
Dyspepsia, gastritis
Fluid retention, facial flushing
Increased energy/restlessness

Long-term Use:

Cushingoid features (moon face, buffalo hump, central obesity)
Skin thinning, easy bruising, striae
Muscle weakness (proximal myopathy)
Hypertension
Hypokalaemia
Immunosuppression, increased infection risk
Acne
Hirsutism
Menstrual irregularities

Serious Adverse effects

Adverse Effect	Clinical Action
Adrenal Suppression / Adrenal Crisis (on abrupt withdrawal after prolonged use)	Never stop abruptly after >7–10 days use; taper gradually; stress-dose steroids during illness/surgery
Peptic Ulcer with Haemorrhage/Perforation	Consider PPI prophylaxis in high-risk patients; discontinue if severe GI symptoms; endoscopy if bleeding
Avascular Necrosis (Osteonecrosis) (especially femoral head)	High-dose/prolonged use; investigate hip pain; MRI for diagnosis; orthopaedic referral
Severe Infections / TB Reactivation / Opportunistic Infections	Screen for latent TB before prolonged use; maintain high suspicion for infection (fever may be masked)
Hyperglycaemia / New-Onset Diabetes / DKA	Monitor glucose; treat with insulin if needed; may require admission in severe cases
Severe Psychiatric Reactions (psychosis, severe depression, mania, suicidal ideation)	May require dose reduction or discontinuation; psychiatric consultation
Posterior Subcapsular Cataract / Glaucoma	Ophthalmologic evaluation for chronic use; may need treatment
Osteoporotic Fractures	Bone protection for prolonged use; DEXA scan; treat osteoporosis
Growth Suppression in Children	Use lowest effective dose; alternate-day therapy if possible; monitor growth
Myopathy (Steroid Myopathy)	Proximal weakness; CK usually normal; reduce dose; physiotherapy
SJS/TEN (rare)	Discontinue immediately; dermatology consultation; hospitalisation
Anaphylaxis (rare, especially with IV)	Discontinue; emergency management

Monitoring requirements

Timing	Parameters
Baseline (before starting, especially for prolonged use)	Blood glucose (FBG, HbA1c); blood pressure; weight; serum electrolytes (potassium); complete blood count; chest X-ray or Mantoux/IGRA for latent TB (if >2 weeks planned use); bone density (DEXA) if osteoporosis risk; ophthalmologic examination (baseline)
Short-term use (<2 weeks)	Blood glucose (daily if diabetic or hospitalised); BP; clinical assessment for adverse effects
After initiation of prolonged therapy (2–4 weeks)	Blood glucose; electrolytes; BP; weight; signs of infection; mood/behaviour
Long-term use (every 1–3 months)	Blood glucose/HbA1c; BP; weight; potassium; signs of Cushing syndrome; infections; mood; growth (children); DEXA annually; ophthalmologic examination annually
Before discontinuation	Assess HPA axis suppression (if >2 weeks use); plan taper; educate on stress dosing

Brands in India

Tablets:

Dexona™ (Zydus Cadila) — 0.5 mg, 4 mg
Decadron™ — 0.5 mg
Dexameth™ (Cadila) — 0.5 mg
Wysolone-D™ — 0.5 mg
Generic dexamethasone — 0.5 mg, 4 mg

Injection:

Dexona™ Injection (Zydus) — 4 mg/mL
Decmax™ (Mankind) — 4 mg/mL
Dexamethasone Injection™ (Various) — 4 mg/mL, 8 mg/2mL

Ophthalmic:

MaxDex™ Eye Drops — 0.1%
Dexacort™ Eye Drops — 0.1%
Various FDCs (Dexamethasone + antibiotic)

Topical:

Desowen™ (though this is desonide, often confused)
Various FDC topical preparations

Price range (INR)

0.5 mg tablet	₹0.80–₹3.00 per tablet	—
4 mg tablet	₹2.00–₹6.00 per tablet	—
4 mg/mL injection (2 mL)	₹8–₹25 per ampoule	NLEM listed
8 mg/2mL injection	₹15–₹40 per ampoule	—
0.1% eye drops (5 mL)	₹25–₹60	—

Regulatory: Injectable formulation listed under NLEM 2022; NPPA price controlled for scheduled formulations; widely available in government supply

Clinical pearls

COVID-19: oxygen-dependent only — Dexamethasone 6 mg/day reduces mortality in hypoxic COVID-19 patients; do NOT use in mild cases without hypoxia — may be harmful
Tapering after prolonged use — HPA axis suppression occurs after >7–10 days of systemic steroids; taper gradually (reduce by 10–20% every few days to weeks depending on duration/dose); abrupt withdrawal may precipitate adrenal crisis
Meningitis timing critical — Give dexamethasone BEFORE or WITH the first antibiotic dose; benefit lost if started after antibiotics
Equivalent potency — Dexamethasone is ~6–7× more potent than prednisolone; 6 mg dexamethasone ≈ 40 mg prednisolone (anti-inflammatory equivalence)
GI protection — Co-prescribe PPI in patients on high-dose steroids, elderly, or those with history of peptic ulcer or concurrent NSAID/anticoagulant use
Drug interactions with TB treatment — Rifampicin significantly reduces dexamethasone efficacy; may need 2–3× usual dose to achieve clinical effect in patients on anti-TB therapy

Version

RxIndia v1.1 — 02 Apr 2025

Reference

CDSCO Product Information
Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)
National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) 2022
ICMR COVID-19 Management Guidelines
AIIMS COVID-19 Treatment Protocol
API Textbook of Medicine
AIIMS and PGIMER Protocols for Cerebral Oedema
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
IAP Guidelines (Croup, Asthma, Meningitis)
MoHFW National Asthma and COPD Treatment Modules
RECOVERY Trial (NEJM 2020) — COVID-19 evidence
DEXA-ARDS Trial — ARDS evidence (off-label)
European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) Antiemetic Guidelines — CINV evidence

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